Broken Bones

So the question many people tend to ask, what is the difference between a broken bone and a fracture? Well to answer that question, a fracture is the medical term for a broken bone.
Regardless to cause of the broken bone, there are two major classes that they are sorted into; simple fracture, compound fracture, comminuted fracture, greenstick fracture, transverse fraction, oblique fracture, spiral fracture,
A simple fracture also known as closed fractures are broken bones that stay in the body and do not break skin.
A compound fracture also know as open fracture are broken bones that break through the skin and expose the bone and deep tissue to the outer environment.
A comminuted fracture is a severe fracture that involves the breaking of a bone into several smaller pieces.
A greenstick fracture is a break in bones along only one side of the bone caused by a force perpendicular to the bones long axis. Usually only seen in small children.
A transverse fracture form perpendicular to the long axis of a bone and are the result of a force applied at a right angle to the bone.
A oblique fracture slanted fractures that occur when a force is applies at any angle other than a right angle to the bone.
A spiral fracture is the result of an extreme twisting force being exerted on a bone.
There are many ways that a fracture can be determined, usually the doctor can examine and get x-rays done and have a correct diagnosis. Although that does not necessarily happen all the time, sometimes the x-ray will not show the fracture. The doctor then can perform the other tests such as computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or bone scan. Sometimes even after the fracture diagnosis has been determined, other tests such as CT scan, MRI, angiogram, or x-ray of the blood vessels to know whether or not other tissues around the bone have been damaged.
A computed tomography is an x-ray procedure that combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross sectional views.
An X-Ray is a photograph or digital image of the internal composition of something.
A magnetic resonance imaging is a form of medical imaging that measures the response of the atomic nuclei of the body tissues of high frequency radio waves when placed in a strong magnetic field.
A bone scan is a imaging test that uses a very small amount of radioactive to find or monitor cancer that started in the bones.

Bone Label Group Challenge

This challenge was a group process, we each had a different part of the skeleton to label and become an expert of it.  We would later become tested on it and the amount of parts we labeled correctly would total to one point each. In the end my group and I had a total of 129 points, we had taken first. I had the abdominal part of the skeleton.
Ribs- There are the false and true ribs. The ribs 1-7 are the true ribs and the ribs 8-10 are false ribs. The last ribs 11 and 12 are the floating ribs. I also labeled the costa cartilage (cartilage between ribs and sternum), costochandral joint
Sternum which was the jugular notch(top of the sternum), manubrium(the line at the second), body(most of the sternum), xiphisternal joint(line at the last rib), xiphoid process(bottom of the sternum)

Integumentary System (Burns)

Burn Types 

So there are three main layers of skin is epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
Burns are the most common injuries in a household, especially in small children. There are three types of burns: first degree burns, second degree burns and third degree burn. These are the main ones but there can be a fourth degree burn.
Some causes of burns are: scalding from hot boiling liquids, chemical burns, electrical burns, lots of sun exposure and fires including flames from matches, candles and lighters

~A first degree burn causes minimal skin damage. It only affects the first layer of skin, usually they heal within three to six days. You should never use ice on the burn.  Signs of first degree burns are
~redness
~minor swelling
~pain
~dry, peeling skin

~A second degree burn causes the skin to blister and become extremely sore and red. Sometimes the blisters pop open which gives it a wet appearance. This burn causes damage beyond the first layer of the skin. Some second degree burns can take up to three weeks to heal. The worse the burn is the longer it will take to heal. You can treat a second degree burn by: running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer, taking over the counter pain medication, applying the antibiotic cream to blisters.

~A third degree burn are the worse burns. They can extend through every layer of skin and the damage can even reach the bloodstream, major organs, and bones which can lead to death. It is so extensive that you may not feel pain because the nerves are damaged, If you get a third degree burn you are suppose to contact 911 immediately and there is no set time on the burn healing. A third degree burn can cause the skin to look:
~ waxy and white
~ charred
~ dark brown
~ raised and leathery

You should always try to prevent burns by doing so you should always be cautious with fire and not play with it.  Some burns may require: surgery, physical therapy,  rehabilitation,  and lifelong assisted care. There are a lot of complications that come with burns

Organization of the Body

We have been going over the different terms of the body and what they had meant. I have learned quiet a bit about it all and decided to create something interesting. I shared all of my information on a prezi I created and you should really look at it. Click here!!!

Histology Lab

Draw and/or photograph microscopic images from 3 epithelial, 3 connective, 3 muscle, and 2 nervous tissue samples, each at 100x and 400x. Display these drawings and photographs in a blog post along with a description of each tissue type.

Stratified Squamous Epithelial 

Transition Epithelial

Pseudostratified Cilated Epithelial

Nervous Tissue (Medullated)

Nervous (Spinal cord silver impregnation)

Muscle Tendon connection 

Mammal Smooth Muscle 

            Connection (Ground bone- Human)

Mammal Hyaline Cartilage 

Muscle (Skeletal Muscle-Tongue) 

Connective (Developing long bone)

Human Models

In class we separated in to two groups and chose different ways to demonstrate human models of epithelia. I chose to create a little library of the photos with description below the picture on photobucket. I think you should really look at it by Clicking Here!!!!

Homeostasis Lab

Hypothesis: If we eat a lot of sugar and run after then our blood sugar will increase because the sugar added to our blood stream will increase our sugar along with the exercise that increases our heart rate. 

Procedure: So there were multiple steps that we had to take in order to proceed with this lab along with different pro cautions.
First we had to make sure to wipe off the spot that was going to get poked to check the glucose level. Then we put a strip in the checker. Their fingers were poked by the finger poker. The blood was added to the strip. We checked both Annie and Nisa's glucose levels before they ate any type of sugar. Then we had their heart rates measure before any type or form of exercise. They held two hand bars and their heart rate was measured, we had taken the most constant rate. Once that was all done, a bag of skittle was split between the two and each of them had a glucose tablet. One of the girls had ran about 150 meters and as soon as she was done who heart rate and glucose level was measured. The second girl ran about 300 meters and her heart rate and glucose were also checked. 

Observation : In the end, our results are not what we expected at all. Nisa who had eaten about half bag of skittles and had ran about 200 meter glucose had increased by 8% and her heart rate increased 35%. Annie had ate the same amount of sugar but ran about 350 meters instead her glucose increased by 24% and her heart rate increased by about 50%.

Conclusion: In conclusion our hypothesis of, "If we eat a lot of sugar and run after then our blood sugar will increase because the sugar added to our blood stream will increase our sugar along with the exercise that increases our heart rate. ", was correct because both heart rate and blood sugar increased after we had consumed the sugar and ran in the parking lot. Nisa's heart rate started at 105 bpm and increased to 162 bpm and Annie's heart rate started at 72 bpm and increased to 140 bpm. Nisa's blood sugar started at 102 and increased to 111 and Annie's blood sugar started at 93 and increased to 122. Both Nisa and Annie's heart rate and blood sugar went up. Our bodies responded with homeostasis and had to work to  keep up the balance of our bodies. The graphs and table help to show you our data and procedure to understand what we did and the data out come from our lab. It makes everything clearer. 

	Heart Rate & Blood Sugar
	Participants	Before		After		% Change
		Heart Rate	Blood Sugar	Heart Rate (Ran 150 meters)	Blood Sugar	Heart Rate	Blood Sugar
	Nisa	105 bpm	102	162 bpm	111	35.20%	8.11%
	Annie	72 bpm	93	140 bpm	122	49.00%	23.80%

Homeostasis Questions

What is homeostasis?
It indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium or a balance in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits. Our body is just running smoothly in easier terms.
What are some examples of homeostasis?
Some examples of homeostasis are when our blood pressure is on good number and our glucose isn't to high or to low.
What are negative feedback and positive feedback?
So negative feedback mechanism is when it shuts off the original stimulus or reduces it intensity. The mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value.  The output shuts off the original stimulus for example the regulation of blood glucose levels.
Then positive feedback is the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated. Its positive because the changer that occurs proceeds in the same direction as the initial disturbance, causing the variable to deviate further and to negative feedback controls. The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. An example is regulation of blood clotting.